Controlling bleeding problems through diet

Some bleeding disorders, such as hemophilia, are hereditary; others develop as a result of nu­tritional deficiencies, taking aspirin and other medications that suppress clotting, and as the consequence of certain diseases, including some cancers. Read on to learn how diet can play a role in controlling some bleeding disorders.

Most of these bleeding disorders stem from some type of thrombocytopenia, the medical term for a reduced number of platelets, the blood cells instrumental in clotting. Symptoms vary, but they typically include easy bruising, frequent nosebleeds and excessive bleeding from even minor cuts. Bleeding gums unrelated to dental problems are common.

Affected women may experience very heavy menstrual periods. In some cases, there are no obvious symptoms, but blood tests reveal a low platelet count and reduced clotting time.

Bleeding disorders due to nutritional deficiencies are uncommon in North America, but they do occur. For example, vitamin K — necessary for the blood to clot normally — is made by bacteria in the human intestinal tract; it is also found in green peas, broccoli, spinach and other green leafy vegetables, brussels sprouts and organ meats.

Sometimes prolonged antibiotic therapy destroys the bacteria that make vitamin K, resulting in bleeding. Increasing foods high in vitamin K may help, but often supplements of the vitamin are given. Foods high in vitamin K should be limited by people taking anticoagulant medication such as coumadin. The vitamin can counteract the desired effect of the drug.

Omega-3 fatty acids, found in salmon and other oily fish, can suppress platelet function. People taking high doses of fish oil supplements have an increased risk of developing bleeding problems; the risk is compounded if they are also taking aspirin.

Vitamin C deficiency can cause bleeding gums. This deficiency may occur in alcoholics or people who eat little fruits and vegetables.

Chronic blood loss can lead to anemia, a blood disorder that is characterized by inadequate levels of red blood cells. Dietary sources should supply extra iron, folate and vitamins B12 and C. Supplements may be needed.

Treatment varies according to the underlying cause. Overuse of aspirin or other drugs that suppress normal platelet function or production is the most common cause of platelet abnormalities; stopping the offending medication usually solves the problem. In other cases, transfusions of platelets and blood cells may be necessary.

All adults over age 40 should have their blood pressure checked annually. But just one blood pressure measurement is insufficient to diagnose hypertension unless the reading is in the severe range.

Some people also have "white coat" hypertension, in which their blood pressure rises when they are in a doctor's office but is normal at other times. In order to properly diagnose hypertension, several measurements are needed — taken at different times and perhaps in different places.

Eat plenty of

• Spinach, broccoli and other leafy greens and organ meats.
• Lean meat, poultry, seafood and other foods high in iron and vitamin B12.
• Citrus and other fresh fruits and vegetables for vitamin C.

Limit

• Supplemental sources of omega-3 fatty acids.

Avoid

• Alcohol, aspirin and other drugs that suppress blood platelets and clotting.